For further information, see the article, Biological control of possums. Biotechnologies use organisms or part of organisms to make a product to meet a specific human need. This raises social and ethical issues that are important to discuss. For further information, see the article, Impacts of biotechnology on society. Add to collection. Biotechnologies have an important role in meeting human needs and demands in medicine, agriculture, forensics, bioremediation, biocontrol and biosecurity.
Go to full glossary Add 0 items to collection. Download 0 items. Twitter Pinterest Facebook Instagram. Email Us. Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land use. Greenhouse gas GHG emissions by source, Key relationships between future challenges and agricultural knowledge, science and technology AKST options for action. Land area: Conventional and genetically modified crops. Major genetically modified crop production countries, Market concentration.
Measures of Poverty: Child Malnutrition - Asia. Measures of Poverty: Hunger Density. Monsanto Corporation's global vegetable seed market share. Multiple stressors in small-scale agriculture. Percentage of women in labor force total and agricultural. First attempts in biotechnological production were done in consumer goods and food production. By using microbiology in pharmaceutical sector large production of vaccines were done in Kabay Vitamin B12 production first introduced in Hungary [ 32 - 37 ].
Hungarians were the first in the world to introduce beer brewing by the application of bacterial enzymes. Biotechnology in Switzerland and Germany. If we go back to the fermentation processes of the roots of biotechnology starting from spontaneous reactions were made by simple means.
By discovery of antibiotics bioprocess engineering has become compulsory. It further developed as well established technological application. In automation using of computers enhance the quality of bioprocesses [ 38 - 46 ]. Molecular biology, agriculture, genetic engineering applications got new developments in industrial sectors on both sides of Atlantic region. In s and s a promised phase has given a way to a restrictive policy of insecurity demonstrates many European countries to new sciences like bioinformatics, genomics and proteomics [ 47 - 54 ].
Its development was based on observations and applications of observations. The main complication of biotechnology was increased due to upgradation of new technologies with in time. If we study the biotechnological developmental applications up to present age, we can divide them in three categories [ 55 - 61 ]. Ancient biotechnology applications, classical biotechnology applications and Modern biotechnology applications.
In this review we will discuss more on modern biotechnological applications [ 62 ]. Second World War became as big hindrance to stop many scientific discoveries.
At the end of the second world war many scientific discoveries were reported which leads to modern biotechnology. Proposed structure of double helix of DNA by Watson and Crick was reported in the year , after that Jacob and Monad has given the concept of operon in the year and Kohler and Milestein in introduced cytoplasmic hybridization to produce monoclonal antibodies for the first time which ultimately leads to diagnostic revolution.
These types of basic revolutionized discoveries became as basic applications for multiple modern biotechnological applications in many fields like medical, Health care, agricultural, plant, environmental, industrial, microbial, regenerative medicine, pharmaceutical and biosecurity [ 63 - 67 ]. Health care biotechnology refers to a vaccine or diagnostic or medicinal that consists of or has been produced by living organisms through recombinant DNA technology [ 68 ].
This biotechnological application has major impact on patients to meet their needs. This application not only encompasses diagnostics and medicines by biotechnological process and also helps in gene, tissue and cell therapies.
Plant biotechnology is the technique which is used to manipulate the plants for specific needs or requirement. In basic agricultural practices we generally wait for natural production of offspring that will have basic quality. But in plant biotechnology we select the desired quality of a trait to clump with other quality to produce multiple qualitative traits in one offspring. For that plant biotechnology applies genetics, tissue culture, genetic engineering and transgenic crops [ 69 - 72 ].
Plant tissue culture is a part of plant biotechnology which is the collection of many techniques that is used to maintain and grow plant, plant cells, plant tissues under controlled sterile conditions over the nutrient medium. Marine Biotechnology is one of the new field of study, emerged in the past few years. The US government takes this threat very seriously , and the threat of bioweapons to the environment should not be taken lightly either.
Developed nations, and even impoverished ones, have the resources and know-how to produce bioweapons. And new gene editing technologies are increasing the odds that a hypothetical bioweapon targeted at a certain ethnicity , or even a single individual like a world leader, could one day become a reality.
While attacks using traditional weapons may require much less expertise, the dangers of bioweapons should not be ignored. It might seem impossible to make bioweapons without plenty of expensive materials and scientific knowledge, but recent advances in biotechnology may make it even easier for bioweapons to be produced outside of a specialized research lab. And the openness of science publishing, which has been crucial to our rapid research advances, also means that anyone can freely Google the chemical details of deadly neurotoxins.
In fact, the most controversial aspect of the supercharged influenza case was not that the experiments had been carried out, but that the researchers wanted to openly share the details. On a more hopeful note, scientific advances may allow researchers to find solutions to biotechnology threats as quickly as they arise. Recombinant DNA and biotechnology tools have enabled the rapid invention of new vaccines which could protect against new outbreaks , natural or man-made. For example, less than 5 months after the World Health Organization declared Zika virus a public health emergency , researchers got approval to enroll patients in trials for a DNA vaccine.
While humans have been altering genes of plants and animals for millennia — first through selective breeding and more recently with molecular tools and chimeras — we are only just beginning to make changes to our own genomes amid great controversy.
For instance, if gene therapy in humans is acceptable to cure disease, where do you draw the line? Many others lie somewhere in between. How do we determine a hard limit for which gene surgery to undertake, and under what circumstances, especially given that the surgery itself comes with the risk of causing genetic damage?
And what about ways that biotechnology may contribute to inequality in society? Advances in biotechnology are escalating the debate, from questions about altering life to creating it from scratch. For example, a recently announced initiative called GP-Write has the goal of synthesizing an entire human genome from chemical building blocks within the next 10 years.
The project organizers have many applications in mind, from bringing back wooly mammoths to growing human organs in pigs. But, as critics pointed out, the technology could make it possible to produce children with no biological parents , or to recreate the genome of another human, like making cellular replicas of Einstein.
In response, the organizers of GP-Write insist that they welcome a vigorous ethical debate, and have no intention of turning synthetic cells into living humans. Since virtually all of biology centers around the instructions contained in DNA, biotechnologists who hope to modify the properties of cells, plants, and animals must speak the same molecular language.
Since the publication of the complete human genome in , the cost of DNA sequencing has dropped dramatically , making it a simple and widespread research tool. Benefits: Sonia Vallabh had just graduated from law school when her mother died from a rare and fatal genetic disease. DNA sequencing showed that Sonia carried the fatal mutation as well. But far from resigning to her fate, Sonia and her husband Eric decided to fight back, and today they are graduate students at Harvard, racing to find a cure.
For example, researchers were able to track the Ebola epidemic in real time using DNA sequencing. And pharmaceutical companies are designing new anti-cancer drugs targeted to people with a specific DNA mutation.
Entire new fields, such as personalized medicine , owe their existence to DNA sequencing technology. Risks : Simply reading DNA is not harmful, but it is foundational for all of modern biotechnology. As the saying goes, knowledge is power, and the misuse of DNA information could have dire consequences. Finally, DNA testing opens the door to sticky ethical questions, such as whether to carry to term a pregnancy after the fetus is found to have a genetic mutation. Recombinant DNA tools allow researchers to choose a protein they think may be important for health or industry, and then remove that protein from its original context.
Modern biomedical research, many best-selling drugs , most of the clothes you wear , and many of the foods you eat rely on rDNA biotechnology. Benefits: Simply put, our world has been reshaped by rDNA. An increasing number of vaccines and drugs are the direct products of rDNA. For example, nearly all insulin used in treating diabetes today is produced recombinantly.
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