This can push your body to face danger from apparent caffeine toxicity-which can cause your heart rates to rapidly rise, spike blood pressure, increase tremors and symptoms of a stroke. All of these can be fatal. Some symptoms can also be life-threatening and make you experience severe symptoms like disturbed breathing, palpitations, convulsions, pain, thirst, dizziness or shock, which least to say, is harmful. While strict guidelines are being devised to moderate the consumption levels, all adults who chose to drink energy drinks should not exceed more than one drink a day.
If you do exceed, you are potentially increasing your sugar intake which can prove fatal. For children and younger adults, even a can is too much.
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Since the introduction of Red Bull in the late s, the energy drink market has experienced radical growth. Some countries like the United States have relaxed laws for the regulation of energy drinks, which results in aggressive marketing targeted particularly at young males and individuals who work night shifts. In , the NHS issued a warning, stating that the danger of consuming energy drinks primarily lies in its caffeine content. Potential risks include Type 2 diabetes, caffeine overdose, late miscarriage, cardiovascular and neurological effects in adolescents, substance dependence and sensation-seeking behaviour.
Energy drinks are non-alcoholic drinks that contain vitamins, caffeine and taurine these are the major ingredients. They provide benefits such as increasing alertness and boosting energy. This is obtained from sugars glucose and sucrose and stimulant energy from other ingredients. They have a high caffeine concentration and a psychoactive compound that can lead to tolerance and dependence in individuals.
Energy drinks were introduced in Japan in the s and became popular in Europe in the late s, before spreading to the rest of the world by the s. The amount of caffeine in each serving depends on the formula, but a warning must be displayed on the can when the caffeine content is over mg. Despite its universal popularity, caffeine is a psychoactive substance. When you consume large quantities, it can cause certain health problems.
Apart from caffeine, some energy drinks contain guarana caffeine derived from Brazilian cocoa , glucuronolactone, bitter orange, ginseng and Yohimbe. However, energy drinks that have large amounts of caffeine can make your body build mild tolerance and dependence if you take them frequently. If you experience withdrawal symptoms when you try to quit energy drinks, this is considered a sign of dependence. Cardiac arrest : Individuals who have underlying heart conditions might go into cardiac arrest after consuming multiple cans of energy drinks.
The heart contracts caused by energy drinks are forceful and harmful to someone with a heart condition. In fact, larger intakes can trigger a panic attack. Headaches: Migraines and headaches are withdrawal symptoms often associated with caffeine consumption. Type 2 Diabetes: Energy drinks contain sugar and might wear out cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. You might not realise it, but any drink that contains caffeine has the potential for addiction.
Caffeine is one of the most addictive substances and if consumed daily, especially in large quantities , your body becomes dependent on it. New research funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows that teenagers and young adults who regularly consume energy drinks increase the risk of future substance use disorder.
Researchers found that study participants who consumed energy drinks over a five-year period saw a higher number of individuals abusing stimulants, cocaine and alcohol. Therefore, further research is required for policy formulation and prevention strategies. A new study published in the Drug and Alcohol Dependence Journal links energy drink consumption with substance use disorder. The study found that a third of US college students became addicts to prescription pills or alcohol and a further third of college students aged 21 and 24 regularly consume energy drinks.
Researchers followed college students over a period of four years, studying their risk-taking habits and general health, concluding that habitual energy drink consumers have a higher potential to abuse alcohol, cocaine and other addictive substances later in life.
The energy boost is temporary and is sometimes accompanied by dangerous health risks, such as:. High Blood Pressure: Caffeinated products increase your blood pressure.
This is dangerous if you already have HBP, as it increases the risk of stroke and hypertension-related problems. Insomnia: Many people consume energy drinks to stay awake and retain energy, but when abused, these products make it difficult to fall asleep.
Addiction: It is possible to develop an addiction to energy drinks. Nervousness: Consuming large amounts of caffeinated drinks causes some people to become nervous and jittery. This interferes with performance and leads to emotional stress that manifests as anxiety. For this reason, the current article aims to review the literature relating to chronic energy drink use and its associations with mental health outcomes.
Author GR read each of the abstracts and acquired and read all articles deemed potentially relevant. Of these, 20 along with eight others identified by reading through reference lists were included in the review, with the findings of case reports being considered separately to those of empirical studies.
Of these, only three were identified by the initial literature search; the other five were identified from references made in other articles. Although some of the case reports relate to phenomena outside the general scope of the current review, they are included because they provide a useful starting point from which to examine associations between energy drink use and mental health.
These reports have linked excessive energy drink consumption to anxiety, 31 severe manic symptoms, 32 and acute suicidality. The only case in which no such prior susceptibility emerged was that presented by Berigan. This idea is supported by findings from other case studies, which have reported high caffeine consumption to be capable of inducing manic symptoms. Although the case reports presented in this section cannot prove that a causal relationship exists between energy drink use and the acute onset of psychiatric problems, the chronicity of such accounts is compelling.
These reports are also not necessarily indicative of energy drinks being a problem when used moderately by the general population. To address this concern, the next section will present findings from studies investigating chronic energy drink consumption and mental health.
The literature search conducted for this review identified 17 articles that examined chronic energy drink usage in relation to mental health; three further articles were identified from reference lists.
For details of all 20 studies, Table 2. This table does not include case reports Table 1 or studies that only investigated short-term effects see Acute effects of energy drink consumption on mood section.
Walther et al. The study found a higher proportion of high well-being in those who consumed energy drinks and alcohol once a week or less, and a higher proportion of low well-being in those who consumed alcohol and energy drinks twice a week or more. An issue with this article was that the authors considered alcohol and energy drinks together, making it impossible to determine their individual effects. However, the results presented make it plausible to believe that frequent energy drink consumption may have been associated with low well-being.
This was similar to the findings of Richards et al. Wing et al. The article reported improvements in the intervention group relative to the control regarding sleep knowledge, mental health status, total difficulty, conduct problems, and hyperactivity, although no differences were observed for peer relationships, emotional problems, or prosocial behavior.
What was of interest to the current review was that the intervention group was significantly less likely to consume energy drinks thrice a week or more compared to the control. Although it is not possible to tell from the data reported whether this observation was in any way associated with the changes in mental health, it is conceivable that it may have been. Furthermore, the study does provide hope that such interventions might be effective in reducing energy drink consumption and also in promoting better sleeping habits and mental health in adolescents.
The next three sections will aim to address whether energy drink use is associated with stress, anxiety, and depression.
The studies identified that examined energy drink use in relation to stress generally reported positive relationships. Hofmeister et al. However, no differences were detected between energy drink users i. Trapp et al. However, no such effect was observed in females.
This effect was also considered likely to reflect the differential availability of brands between the United States and Afghanistan, and so may have been unrelated to the increased stress levels associated with military deployment.
Furthermore, certain factors associated with military deployment make these data more difficult to interpret than studies that use nonmilitary samples. For instance, increased mental and physical requirements, as well as dysregulated sleep, might account for increases in both stress and energy drink use, and the two may not necessarily be causally linked. Potential for stressful situations to be associated with increased use of energy drinks was provided by Rizvi et al.
However, a limitation of the study was that it did not report the use of these products individually, making it impossible to relate the findings specifically to energy drinks. Furthermore, findings from this study should be interpreted with caution in light of the fact that the authors made a number of unsubstantiated claims. This suggestion is again unfounded as no links between such activities and stress levels were reported in their article.
Pettit and DeBarr 44 investigated whether perceived stress in undergraduate students was related to six measures of energy drink consumption. Significant positive correlations were observed with the following three measures: 1 number of days on which at least one energy drink was consumed in the previous 30 days, 2 average number of days per week on which energy drinks were consumed in the previous 30 days, and 3 the largest number of energy drinks consumed on any occasion in the previous 30 days.
Although relationships with the number of energy drinks consumed the previous day, number of days on which energy drinks were consumed in the previous 7 days, and the approximate number of energy drinks consumed on days in which energy drinks were consumed in the previous 30 days were not significant, the effects were all in the same positive direction.
However, although soft drink and coffee consumption appeared to increase in times of high stress, no such effects were observed regarding energy drinks, hot chocolate, or tea. When interpreting these findings, it should be noted that the questionnaires were administered in August, and participants were asked to answer retrospectively from January to May term time , potentially leading to recall bias. Though stress levels were positively related to total weekly caffeine intake and remained so after other dietary, demographic, and lifestyle covariates had been controlled for statistically , no univariate association with caffeine from energy drinks was observed.
At the multivariate level, however, low 0. Two studies were identified that examined energy drink usage in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD. Although it is acknowledged that this phenomenon should not be classified under the broader definitions of stress used by other studies discussed in this section, a consideration of their findings is still deemed to be useful.
Peters et al. However, although the effect regarding antienergy drinks was retained in an unadjusted logistic regression model, which controlled for additional substance use, neither effect was significant when an adjusted model was used.
More importantly, energy drinks appeared to have been grouped together with sports drinks, which may have confounded the analysis.
However, anxiety was only higher in regular users compared to nonregular users in one of the two samples, making it difficult to conclude whether such a relationship may be dose dependent or not. However, the effects did not remain significant at the multivariate level. Stasio et al. In a similar manner, Trapp et al. However, in their most conservative multivariate analysis, the effect only remained significant in males.
In addition to these findings, a study of US university students Malinauskas et al. Richards and Smith 46 described earlier observed that total weekly caffeine consumption was positively related to anxiety. When differentiating between sources of the substance, no univariate association between caffeine from energy drinks and anxiety level was observed. Although most studies have reported positive relationships, Yudko and McNiece 54 found no association between trait or state anxiety and having used energy drinks in the previous hour in a sample of polydrug users attending a rehabilitation clinic in Hawaii.
In further relation to the use of other substances, a study of undergraduate students conducted by Snipes et al. The explanation given by the authors was that people with high anxiety sensitivity might avoid energy drinks due to the stimulant properties having potential to exacerbate their symptoms.
Although Richards and Smith 46 described earlier reported positive associations between total weekly caffeine intake and depression scores in British secondary school children, no significant findings were made when caffeine intake from energy drinks was investigated separately.
Arria et al. In a similar manner, Hofmeister et al. However, in one of these samples, regular users were found to report significantly higher depression scores than nonregular users. However, although these relationships were observed in both the total sample and in males, they were not observed in females and did not remain significant once other factors had been controlled for statistically.
However, this relationship was observed only in the total sample and not in either sex independently. Evren and Evren 51 described earlier observed positive associations between energy drink use and depression, self-harming behavior, and suicidal thoughts in 10th grade students from Turkey.
In each case, the effects appeared to be dose dependent. Although the relationships with depression disappeared at the multivariate level, self-harming behavior and suicidal thoughts remained associated with consuming energy drinks every day compared to not at all. Snipes et al.
Although acute mood effects associated with energy drinks appear often to be positive, chronic use tends to be associated with undesirable mental health effects.
Ten studies were identified that examined stress or stress-related outcomes in relation to energy drink use. Of these, two studies investigated PTSD: one reported a significant positive association, 49 whereas the other did not. Of the five studies that did provide direct measurements of energy drink consumption and stress, two 45 , 46 reported no association; the other three 39 , 40 , 44 each reported positive relationships, as well as null findings, depending on which analyses were evaluated.
For example, Hofmeister et al. Some of these analyses yielded significant results, whereas others did not. Quantifying the overall outcome of such studies in relation to those that presented more straightforward analyses was therefore difficult. Similar issues relating to three studies 39 , 40 , 51 were also encountered when discussing findings relating to anxiety and depression.
Eight studies investigated energy drinks and anxiety, or anxiety-related variables. Malinauskas et al. Of the seven studies that provided direct measures, two 46 , 54 reported no significant relationships, one 52 reported a positive relationship, three 39 , 40 , 51 reported both positive relationships and null findings, depending on which analyses were examined, and one 55 reported a negative relationship.
However, it should be noted that this last study compared consumers of alcoholic energy drinks to alcohol-only users, whereas the other studies listed investigated associations with energy drinks in the absence of alcohol. Eight studies examined depression in relation to energy drink use. Of the seven studies that provided direct measures, three 46 , 54 , 56 reported no significant relationships, one 57 reported a positive relationship, and three 39 , 40 , 51 reported both positive relationships and null findings.
In addition, Evren and Evren 51 also reported positive associations between energy drink use and self-harming behavior and suicidal thoughts. From the studies identified that related to stress, anxiety, and depression, only one Snipes et al.
Although null findings were also observed, a considerable number of studies reported positive relationships.
This latter observation was therefore in line with the case reports identified in the area, which associated energy drink usage with a number of mental health conditions, as well as other studies that reported positive associations between energy drink use and low well-being 36 and general health.
As caffeine consumption itself has been associated with a number of psychiatric disorders, 9 the findings reported in the current review uphold the idea that effects observed in relation to energy drinks may be dependent on caffeine.
In most cases therefore, causality or direction of effect could not be inferred. Support for this idea is provided in that students are known to use caffeine as a coping strategy during stressful situations.
Another possibility is that positive relationships observed between energy drink use and mental health problems are mediated by dysregulated sleep. However, determining the direction of such relationships may be difficult. Sleep debt could, for instance, cause fatigue leading to increased use of energy drinks. Conversely, as caffeine is known to interfere with sleep, sleep loss could lead to symptoms associated with mental health problems.
It may also be that the relationship is bidirectional. For instance, children are known to use caffeinated products to remain awake at night when using media-related technology, 61 and students have reported using energy drinks to combat the effects of insufficient sleep. A limitation of the current article is that the search criteria did not address additional aspects of mental health such as schizophrenia, personality disorder, and suicidality. Although some of the case reports identified suggest that energy drink use may be associated with such outcomes, it was deemed beyond the scope of the current article to examine them in greater detail.
As this review aimed instead to focus more upon stress, anxiety, and depression, these phenomena may therefore be an area of interest for future research. The majority of studies identified were conducted in young populations, potentially reflecting their comparatively high consumption of energy drinks.
However, the disproportionately large number of studies utilizing university students might be due to the relative ease in which such participants can be recruited. Studies into younger populations may therefore be meritorious because children are both targeted by energy drinks advertisers and likely to be relatively naive caffeine consumers. In addition, research into older populations may be of interest. For instance, late adolescence and early adulthood are associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders and stress associated with adjustment to many life changes, and also represent populations that are likely to report energy drink use.
For these reasons, the question should be asked as to whether the relationships observed are unique to young persons or are also found in older populations. As the majority of studies identified in this review were cross sectional, longitudinal and intervention studies are required. An example of a study design that may be useful for investigating causality and direction of the relationships in question comes from Wing et al.
Those in the intervention condition improved in terms of mental health and, additionally, reduced their energy drink intake. Further studies of this nature could avoid ethical concerns regarding administering energy drink products to participants, while furthering our knowledge of how sleep, energy drink use, and mental health outcomes are related.
Longitudinal studies could also be used to track changes in energy drink consumption and mental health status over time. By doing this, analyses could be conducted to investigate whether changes in consumption are predictive of changes in mental health outcomes. The current article has aimed to provide a review of the literature relating to energy drink use and mental health.
Because most of the studies identified examined stress, anxiety, and depression, particular focus was placed on these areas. Although a number of studies investigating acute effects of energy drinks on mood reported benefits, only one such observation was made in relation to chronic use.
Although null findings were also relatively common, most studies of chronic use provided evidence to suggest that energy drinks are associated with mental health problems. However, as almost all studies identified were cross sectional, and some did not control for other relevant factors, such as sex, socioeconomic status, and additional caffeine intake, the nature of these relationships is not yet fully understood.
Therefore, to improve our understanding of such phenomena, longitudinal and intervention studies are required. Both authors state that no competing financial interests exist. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal of Caffeine Research. J Caffeine Res. Gareth Richards and Andrew P.
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